THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTHWESTERN AFRICA HAS SHAPED its history in dramatic ways. TheSaharaDesertwas an extremely important geographical feature in the history of the three great medieval African empires described in this book. Today theSaharais the largest desert in the world. But it was not always so. Rock paintings found in the mountains of theSaharareveal that until about 5000 b.c.e., the region was a land of rivers and lakes. It was populated by hunters and fishermen, grassland animals such as rhinoceros, elephants, and giraffes, and water creatures including hippopotami, crocodiles, and fish. By around 3000 b.c.e., the region had begun to dry out. Rock paintings from this period show that the big animals were gone. They had moved north and south to wetter climate zones. [download]
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