During the late nineteenth century (so the story goes)Polandentered the modern world. As this happened, an appropriately modern form of nationalism emerged, one that allowed all Poles to identify with “their” nation. The old forms of elite political culture became irrelevant as various mass movements burst onto the public stage and the vectors of power shifted toward “the people.” Now workers and peasants would be players in the political game and the domination of the nobility and the intelligentsia would come to an end. According to the historian Anna Z. arnowska, this process reached its climax during the 1905 Revolution: “The most essential element introduced by the Revolution to the political culture of society in the PolishKingdomwas the democratization of political life, a dramatic expansion of the circle of people not only hungry for political knowledge but also actively involved in political life. [download]
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