International orders do not last forever. Throughout history, rulers have struggled to cultivate amity and contain enmity between different political communities. From ancientRomedown to the Sino-centric order that prevailed inEast Asiaas recently as the nineteenth century, the impulse for order was most often realised via the institution of empire. The rulers of the Greek city-states, their Renaissance counterparts and the feuding kings of China’s Period of Warring States alternatively secured order within the framework of sovereign state systems. The papal imperial diarchy that prevailed in Christendom from the eleventh century to the early sixteenth century provides yet a third formof international order, which was neither imperial nor sovereign but rather heteronomous in its ordering principles. [download]
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