Systems biology aims at a system-level understanding of biological systems (1,2). The investigation of biological systems at the system level is not a new concept. It can be traced back to homeostasis by Canon (3), cybernetics by Norbert Weiner (4), and general systems theory by von Bertalanffy (5). Also, several approaches in physiology have taken a systemic view of the biological subjects. The reason why “systems biology” is gaining renewed interest today is, in my view, due to emerging opportunities to solidly connect system-level understanding to molecular-level understanding, as well as the possibility of establishing well-founded theory at the system level. This is only possible today because of the progress of molecular biology, genomics, computer science, modern control theory, nonlinear dynamics theory, and other relevant fields, which had not sufficiently matured at the time of early attempts. [download]
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