As currently formulated, the concept of ‘human rights’ is a comparatively recent phenomenon. The President of the United Nations General Assembly, Dr E.H. Evatt, observed at the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1948 that this was ‘the first occasion on which the organised world community had recognised the existence of human rights and fundamental freedoms transcending the laws of sovereign states’ (Laqueur and Rubin, 1979, cited in Osler and Starkey, 1996, p. 2). Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: ‘All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood’ (cited in ibid., p. 173). One might respond charitably to the exclusion. [download]
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