Particle physics is concerned with the fundamental constituents of matter and the fundamental “forces” through which the fundamental constituents interact among themselves. Until about 1932, only four particle, namely the proton (p), the neuron (n), the electron (e) and the neutrino (v) were regarded as the ultimate constituents of matter. Of these four particles, two, the proton and the electron are electrically charged. The other two are electrically neutral. The neutron and proton form atomic nuclei, the electron and nucleus form atoms while neutrino comes out in radioactivity, i.e. the neutron decays into a proton, an electron and a neutrino. Each of these particles, called a fermion, spins and exists in two spin (or polarization) states called left handed, (i.e. appears to be spinning clockwise as viewed by an observer that it is approaching) and left handed (i.e. spinning anti clockwise) spin states. [download]
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